IGII2 2245 Catalogue of ephebes, 255/6 AD

Catalogue of ephebes, 255/6 AD

IG II² 2245 Date: AD 255/6

35th Panathenaia (255/6 AD)^[1]

Relief of a shield with a bust of Athena, between two Panathenaic victory amphorae

For good fortune, in the archonship of Lucius Flavius Philostratos (5) of Steiria (255/6 AD), when the superintendent (kosmēteuontos) was Gaius Calpurnius Proculus of Hermos, the team leaders (sunstremmatarchai), having set up the stele, inscribed (the names of) the superintendent (kosmētēn), his fellow magistrates, (10) the staff of the Diogeneion (tous peri to Diogeneion), and their fellow ephebes.^[2] Superintendent: Gaius Calpurnius Proculus of Hermos. Deputy Superintendent (antikosmētēs): Aurelius Eupraxides son of Euporos of Melite. Archon of the ephebes: Herennius Ptolemaios of Hermos.^[3]

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(15) Controllers (sōphronistai)^[4] Aurelius Eukarpides son of Aphrodeisios of Skambonidai Aurelius Kyklobolos son of Zosi(mos) of Melite Aurelius Narkissos son of Chrysippos Aurelius Leonteus son of Zosimos (20) Aurelius Elpineikos son of Hermeias of Hybadai Aurelius Atticus son of Atticus Deputy Controllers (huposōphronistai) Zotikos Claudius Epaphrodeitos (25) Aurelius Eukarpos son of Euplo(us) Aurelius Eutychianos Sempronius Epagathos Thrasykles The life-time officers (hoi dia biou)^[5] (30) Trainer (paidotribēs): Kraton Secretary: Claudius Antilochos Weapons trainer (hoplomachos): Aurelius Claudianus Foreman (prostatēs): Atheneos (son of Atheneos), year 1 Leader (hēgemōn): Chrysogonos (35) Deputy trainer (hupopaidotribēs): Polion Deputy temple attendant (hupozakoros): Eutychides (son of Eutychides) of Athmonon, year 18 Instructor (didaskalos): Symposios Doctor: Hermogenes Deputy secretary: Aurelius Eleuseinios (son of Eleuseinios) of Paiania (40) kestrophylax: Aurelius Eutychianos Cloakroom attendant (kapsarios): Zosimos Manager of the Diogeneion: Kladion.

Ephebes of Erechtheis^I^[6] Hilaros (son of Hilaros) of Kephisia (45) Zosimos son of Euporos of Kephisia Eusebes son of Zopyros of Euonymon Zopyros (son of Zopyros) of Euonymon^[7] Archelaos son of Pemptei(des) of Lamptrai Eklektos of Euonymon (50) Atheneios son of Attikos Demostratos son of Zosimos Italos Herakleides son of Eutychianos Aurelius Phileros (55) Eukarpos son of Aphrodeisios Eurynous (son of Eurynous) Aurelius Stephanos Eutychides (son of Eutychides) Leonides son of Eutychides (60) Eutychides (son of Eutychides) Olympis son of Firmus Agathon (son of Agathon) Polyktetos Aurelius Dionysios (65) Zosimos son of Leonides Aigeis^II Demetrios son of Apol- Hermeias son of Moschion of Euonymon^[8] Aurelius Epagathos (70) Sertorius Euaristos Aurelius Leonteus (son of Leonteus) Serapion Asklepiades son of Leonteus Protacius Alexandros (75) Neikias son of Zosimos Askepiades Chresimos (son of Chresimos), Sertorius (son of Sertorius), Arabia(nus) (son of Arabianus) Myrinos son of Chresimos Demokrates son of Agathemeros (80) Caecilius Dionysios Hermeinos Aurelius Epiktas Epaphras son of Eutyches Aurelius Epiktas son of Neikias (85) Eutychos (son of Eutychos) Aurelius Onesimos of Gargettos Pandionis^III Eutychianos (son of Eutychianos) Philonides son of Eutychianos (90) Aurelius Epagathos (son of Epagathos) Archimedes Zosimos son of Heliodoros Sempronius Priscianus Agathon son of Zosimos (95) Agathon son of Charikles Myron son of Zosimos Hilarion son of Zosimos Heliodoros Aurelius Tertios (100) Aurelius Zosimos Theoteimos Sympheron (son of Sympheron) Demetrios son of Attikos Kallistos (son of Kallistos) (105) Gelos son of Kallistos Asklepiades son of Hespe(ros) Saturnilus son of Hespe(ros) Euporos (son of Euporos) Alkenstianos^[9] son of Marei(nos) (110) Dionysios son of Demetrios Epigonos son of Zosimos Aurelius Calandio Dionysios son of Dionysodoros Aurelius Kallistos (115) Aurelius Diorion Aurelius Neikias Aurelius Eutychides son of Dor- Aurelius Charmos Aurelius Saturnilus (120) Leontis^IV Statius Theodoros of Cholleidai Aurelius Eukarpides son of Aphrodeisios Philoumenianos son of Eukarpides Zosimos (son of Zosimos) (125) Kissos Aurelius Symphoros of Eupyridai Nemesianos son of Pistos Glykeros son of Herpineikos Aurelius Epithymetos son of Epit- (130) Aurelius Marcellus son of Epit- Sokrates son of Artemidoros Themistas son of Rhodon Euthales son of Demokrates Sporos son of Demokrates (135) Aurelius Epagathos Pheidias (son of Pheidias) Eutychianos son of Para- Statius Lucius Theodoulos son of Eutych- (140) Aurelius Euthymos Epiktetos son of Thessalos Aurelius Heliodoros Eugnomon son of Theodoros Flavius Epiktetos (145) Hermeias son of Licinnius Marcus Aurelius Italicus Aurelius Celer of Cholleidai Aurelius Philippos Epaphrodeitos (son of Epaphrodeitos) (150) Ptolemais^V Aurelius Aphrodeisios Prosdokimos (son of Prosdokimos) Celsus son of Eukarpides Sabeinos son of Euodia(nos) (155) Eutychianos son of Sosth(enes) Elenchis son of Doras Mousaios son of Doras Epaphrodeitos

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Gymnasiarchs^[10] (160) Herennius Ptolemaios of Hermos Herennius Dexippus of Hermos Calpurnius Proculus son of Proculus Statius Theodoros Aurelius Zosimos son of Euprax(ides) (165) Aurelius Demetrios Aurelius Prosdokimos son of Prosdokimos Aurelius Aphrodeisios of Phlya Avidius Euarestos Aurelius Apollonios (170) Claudius Epaphrodeitos (son of Epaphrodeitos) Dionysios son of Kyros

uninscribed line Competition directors (agōnothetai):^[11] Celsus for the Germanikeia Proculus for the Antinoeia in Eleusis (175) Ptolemaios for the Asklepeia Dexippos for the Antoneia for Marcus^[12] Hilaros (and) Athenagoras for the Antinoeia in the City Trophimos for the Epineikia^[13] (180) Nemesianos for the Athenaia Statius Theodoros for the Hadriania Kleon for the Epineikia Epithymetos and Agathon for the Theseia

(185) Aphrodeisios son of Phil- Epaphrodeitos (son of Epaphrodeitos) Alexandros son of Anto- Eleutheros (son of Eleutheros) Epaphrodeitos (190) Dom(itius) Diogenes Achilleus son of Philath(enaios) Philon son of Hadrianus Metras Epikar- son of Epikar- Athenaios (son of Athenaios) (195) Kritoboulos son of Sym(pheron?) Sympheron (son of Sympheron) Zosimos son of Sympheron Eisas son of Sympheron Eutychianos (son of Eutychianos) (200) Aurelius Charmos Akamantis^VI Herennius Ptolemaios of Hermos Herennius Dexippos of Hermos Calpurnius Proculus of Hermos (205) Eutyches (son of Eutyches) Asklepiodotos (son of Asklepiodotos) Aurelius Zosimos Aurelius Nympheros Aurelius Asklepiades (210) Antiochos son of Serenos Ago- Nemesianos^[14] Euporos son of Agathopous Sozomenos son of Agathopous Elpistos son of Attikos (215) Epitynchanos (son of Epitynchanos) Agathon son of Epitynchanos Chares son of Symphoros Tryphon son of Artemidoros Epaphrodeitos son of Artemidoros (220) Aphrodeisios son of Zosimos Euerpistos son of Zosimos Chariton son of Philinos Kratistos son of Trophimos Athenagoras (son of Athenagoras) (225) Bakchylas son of Athenagoras Zosas son of Artemas Kritolaos son of Basili- Melissos (son of Melissos) Syntrophos (son of Syntrophos) (230) Aurelius Epiktetos Euphrantides (son of Euphrantides) Bassos son of Ariston Abiatos son of Zoilos Aelius Artemas (son of Artemas) (235) Philoumenos Euporos son of Zosimos Asklepiades Hadrianis^VII Xenophon son of Eukarpos (240) Melpomenos son of Phron- Eutychos son of Epiktetos Drakon (son of Drakon) Eukarpides son of Drakon Eutychianos son of Eugn(omon) (245) Helenos son of Eugno(mon) Glykeros son of Athenaios Symphoros (son of Symphoros) Onesimos son of Kalli- Dionysios son of Artemon (250) Artemon (son of Artemon) Demylos son of Eukarpides Asklepides son of Eukarpides Apollonios son of Euph- (255) Aurelius Menekrates Caecilius Lucius Caecilius Rufinus Caecilius Rufus Aurelius Ptolemaios (260) Oineis^VIII Avidius Euarestos Avidius Theodotos Akindynos (son of Akindynos) Kleon son of Apolloni(ios) (265) Aurelius Trophimos Julius Chrysokom(as) Julius Zopyros Demetrios son of Sokrates Myrtiphon Deme(trios) (son of Myrtiphon) (270) Zotikos (son of Zotikos) Eutyches son of Syneph(ebos) Artemas son of Eutychi(anos) Aurelius Eutropios Aurelius Chrestos (275) Aurelius Aphrodeisios Aurelius Eirenaios Artemas son of Euphrosynos Aurelius Sosigenes Kekropis^IX (280) Zosimos son of Eupraxides Kyklobolos (son of Kyklobolos) Philoumenos son of Kyklobolos Epagathos (son of Epagathos) of Melite^[15] Neikephoros son of Eupra(xides) (285) Zenon son of Polychro(nios) Philoteimos son of Elpin(ikios)^[16] Polychronios (son of Polychronios) Ammianus son of Apellas Apellas, also called Kekro(ps) (290) Attikos son of Zosimos Aurelius Asklepiodotos Alexandros son of Kra- Asklepiades son of Apo- Philoteimos son of Elp(inikios) (295) Epigonos son of Stra- Marcus son of Stra- Tychikos son of Euphronsynos

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Charioteer of Pallas:^[17] Calpurnius Proculus (300) Team leaders (sunstremmatarchai):^[18] Herennius Ptolemaios of Hermos Herennius Dexippos of Hermos Calpurnius Proculus of Hermos Statius Theodoros of Cholleidai (305) Aurelius Aphrodeisios of Phlya Aurelius Demetrios Aurelius Zosimos son of Eupraxides Aurelius Prosdokimos son of Prosdokimos Aurelius Celsus son of Eukarpides (310) Avidius Theodotos son of Theodotos Aurelius Trophimos

col. 3.i

uninscribed space Aurelius Gymnasios uninscribed line Agesandros son of Hygei(nos) Artemeisios son of Arte(mon) of Epieikidai (315) Loukios son of Dionysodoros Demetrios son of Alkibi(ades) Eutychianos son of Demo- Dionysios Soter son of Dionysios (320) Artemidoros son of Dion(ysios) Asklepiades Eupo- Aurelius Kallistratos Agathopous Mar(kos) son of Zosimos (325) Kallistos Epagathos (son of Epagathos) of Melite Epaphrodeitos of Melite Hippothontis^X Claudius Epaphrodeitos (330) Elpidianos son of Narkissos Sokrates son of Leukios Sympheron son of Zenophilos Kasios son of Italos Soterichos son of Italos (335) Eudoros (son of Eudoros), Aurelius Kotinis^[19] Herakleitos son of Elpi- Aurelius Genethliakos Eukarpos son of Euporos Euporos son of Euporos (340) Zopyros son of Askle- Markianos Chrysogonos son of Epa- Aurelius Tryphon Heraios son of Xenophon (345) Aiantis^XI Zosimos (son of Zosimos) Alypos (son of Alypos) Saturneilos Claudius Daphnianos (350) Deionysios, also called Nei- Karpos (son of Karpos) Elpidephoros son of Phile- Philippos son of Euhemeros Agathokles (son of Agathokles) (355) Euporos son of Agathokles Domitius Didymion Aneiketos son of Hermod- Zosimos (son of Zosimos) Sokrates (son of Sokrates) (360) Dionysios son of Epagathos Polyktetos son of Epa(gathos) Phaustion (son of Phaustion) Euodianos son of Onesi- Strymon son of Eutyches (365) Athenion son of Eutyches Eutyches son of Agesandros Abaskantos (son of Abaskantos) Athenaios son of Phoibos Erotion (370) Eutyches son of Euphrosynos Phaustos (son of Phaustos) Epagathos son of Iason Dionysios son of Eure- Demetrios son of Zoti- (375) Sekoundos son of Anei- Aurelius Alexandros Athenaios son of Phoi- Antiochis^XII Archimedes (380) Eros son of Xanthias Attikos son of Hieros Theoktistos son of Leon- Zopyros son of Marcellus Euplous son of Hygeinos (385) Megistos son of Hesperos Pamphilos son of Onesi- Aurelius Mousonios Aurelius Euporistos Theomnestos (390) Eutychianos (son of Eutychianos) Dionysios son of Euporos Aurelius Karpos Attalis^XIII Apollonios son of Eupo- (395) Dionysios son of Kyros Thrasykles (son of Thrasykles) Megistion son of Thrasy(kles) Dionysios son of Euod- Aurelius Eutychos (400) Aurelius Paramonos Prapideus (son of Prapideus) Dorotheos son of Leon- Euphrosynos (son of Euphrosynos) Demochares (405) Aurelius Onesimos (son of Onesimos) Aurelius Poimenios Euelpistos uninscribed space

col. 3.ii

Epiktetos (son of Epiktetos) Attikos son of Epiktetos (410) Aurelius Euporistos (son of Euporistos) Aristaios son of Epiktetos Hermias son of Loukios Aurelius Artemas (son of Artemas) Mousaios son of Paramonos (415) Soterichos son of Zosi(mos) Zosimion son of Zosim(os) Va- Eutyches

Additional enrollees (epengraphoi)^[20] Zosimos (420) Rouphinos Kalopous Kentauros Zosimos Leonides (425) . . . . . . Theophilos Theodotos Eukarpides (430) Protoktetos Eutychianos Zosimos Aneiketos Rouphinos (435) Neiketes Epiktetos Hygeinos Myron Eutaktos (440) Alexikles Chariton Hilarion Asklepiades Zosimos (445) Zoilos Asklepiades Auxanon Kourtis Eutyches (450) Alexandros Eukarpos Eleuseinios Zosimos Dioskoros (455) Aphrodeisios Kouperios Philoumenos Euporistos Artemas (460) Chariton Eukarpos Eutyches Diokles Onesiphoros (465) Stephanos Syntrophos Polydeukes Kladion Symphorion (470) Hestiaios Zopyros Epiktetos

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Relief Sea-battler (naumachos): Herennius Dexippos^[21]

Previous - Wilson, Ephebic Inscriptions E.293

References:

IG II² 2245 (Translated text) (PHI)

Wilson, Ephebic Inscriptions E.310

Samama, Médecins 24 (l. 38)

Translation by: Chris de Lisle

Monument type: Stele

Inscription type: List of names (ephebic)

Original location: [Diogeneion]

Findspot: Athens, St. Demetrios Katephores (EM 10038)

Transliterations on Places on

[1] The Great Panathenaia was celebrated every four years in Hekatombaion. This inscription was set up on a significant anniversary – the 35th celebration since Hadrian’s promotion of the festival in 119/20 AD to “eiselastic” status, awarded to the most prestigious games festivals, which meant that victors were entitled to a victory parade (eiseleusis) on their return to their hometown. Hadrian also reformed the Athenian calendar in 124/5 AD, shifting the start of the archon year from Hekatombaion to Boedromion (previously the third month of the year), so that the Panathenaia occurred towards the end of the archon year. Most scholars have concluded that this meant that the Great Panathenaia was henceforth held in the fourth year of the Olympiad rather than the third, which would place this celebration and the archonship of Philostratos in 255/6 (Byrne, RCA, p. 535, Follet Athènes, 1976, 243; K. Hallof, Tyche 32, 2017, 41-45 = SEG 67.95). J. L. Shear proposes that the Great Panathenaia continued to be held in the third year of each Olympiad, in which case all celebrations of the Great Panathenaia ought to be dated one Athenian archon year earlier than they have been in previous scholarship. This inscription would thus date to 254/5 (ZPE 180, 2012, 159-72). If Shear’s proposal is correct, then this inscription would fall in year 2 of the “Metonic cycle” and should be intercalary (having 13 rather than 12 months). However, only twelve monthly gymnasiarchs are named at ll. 159-71. The Panathenaia festival is also commemorated by the relief below l. 2, which shows a bust of Athena on a shield, between two Panathenaic victory amphorae. For an image of the stele and its reliefs, see J. Kirchner, Imagines Inscriptionum Atticarum², 1948, 54, no. 147. IG II³ 4, 1398 commemorates the same Panathenaia as this inscription. [2] Ephebic catalogues like this were erected annually from the late first century AD until the mid-third century. For the format, see AIUK 11 (Ashmolean), no. 10 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 1.3, and for the earlier history of the ephebate, see RO 89. This is the latest surviving catalogue, aside from SEG 33.158 (263/4 or 267/8 AD). The ephebate (or at least its epigraphic habit) seems to have been brought to an abrupt end by the Sack of Athens by the Heruls in 267 AD, after which most of the ephebic inscriptions in the Diogeneion gymnasium, which served as the ephebes’ headquarters, including this one, were reused as building material for the Post-Herulian wall. Usually, ephebic catalogues were set up by the superintendent of the ephebes (kosmetes), but this one was instead set up by the eleven ephebic team leaders (systremmatarchai), who are (unusually) listed on the catalogue at ll. 300-11 (on them, see IG II² 2087 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 1.5). [3] The “archon of the ephebes” was the first in rank of the cadet magistrates, positions held by distinguished ephebes and modelled on the chief magistracies of Athens (see IG II² 2017 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 2.3). It is possible that these ephebic magistrates were the same as the team leaders, since there were eleven of both in this period and the ephebic archon Herennius Ptolemaios is also placed first in the list of team leaders (l. 301). Ptolemaios and his brother Dexippos (ll. 160-61, 175-76, 202-3, 301-2, 473-74) were the most prominent ephebes in the cohort and the sons of Herennius Dexippos, historian and leading figure of mid-third century Athens, who would go on to lead the military response to the Herulian invasion in 267 AD (see IG II³ 4, 206). [4] For the Controllers (sophronistai) and Deputy Controllers (hyposophronistai), see IG II² 2044 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 2.1. As usual, the Controllers all had sons in the cohort (ll. 122-23, 281-82, 330, 71 and 73, 50 or 103 or 214). Usually the Deputy Controllers were younger individuals and thus did not have sons in the cohort, but in this catalogue they all do (ll. 270, 329, 239, 88-89?, 93, 396). [5] The life-time officers (hoi dia biou) are the same as the “staff of the Diogeneion” in l. 10. They were the full-time instructors of the ephebes. For their individual roles, see AIUK 11 (Ashmolean), no. 6 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 2.2. Some of the staff positions were open to non-citizens, but it is probably not safe to conclude that all those listed without demotics were non-citizens. [6] The citizen ephebes are listed by tribe in the rest of column 1 (ll. 43-158), continuing in column 2 after the lists of ephebic gymnasiarchs and competition directors (ll. 185-297), and again below the list of team leaders in columns 3.i and 3.ii (ll. 312-417). Unusually, the ephebic gymnasiarchs and other ephebic liturgists are also included in the list of regular citizen ephebes. Throughout the list demotics, Roman nomina, and patronymics are included irregularly. This seems to be solely due to space concerns, not differences in the status of the ephebes, since some of the ephebic liturgists and sons of controllers appear with and without demotics in different parts of the list (e.g. ll. 16 and 122-23; ll. 121, 163, 181, and 304). There are 321 citizen ephebes (including the 21 ephebic liturgists), and 52 “additional enrollees,” for a total of 373 ephebes. This is by far the largest cohort since the fourth century BC (the next largest cohorts from the Roman period are IG II² 1996 of 84-92 AD with ca. 270 ephebes, IG II² 2239 of 238/9-243/4 AD with 250, and IG II² 2097 of 169/70 with 249 – all substantially smaller). Two possible explanations have been mooted for this third century expansion of the ephebate. One is that it is connected with the expansion of the Council of 500 to 750 members (S. Dow, HSCP 63, 1958, 436; D. Geagan Hesp. Supp. 12, 1967, 74-76), but the only direct evidence for this expansion is much later than this inscription (IG II² 3669 = 5, 13262, ca. 270 AD) and the connection between the ephebate and membership in the Council is uncertain. Another possibility is that the large ephebic cohort was part of the efforts that Zosimos reports the Athenians took to increase their military preparedness in response to the siege of Thessalonica by the Goths and Marcomanni in 254 AD (Zosimos 1.29, Zonares 12.23, U. Wiemer Chiron 41, 2011, 518-20). But this siege may now be re-dated to the 260s AD (C. Mallan and C. Davenport, JRS 105, 2015, 203-26). Yet another possibility (Lambert pers. comm.) is that the ephebate did not take place annually at this time, meaning that, when it did take place, the cohort was larger than it would otherwise have been. [7] There are at least 34 pairs of brothers, 12 trios, and 1 set of four in this inscription (ll. 9 and 11, 15-16). On such “ephebic twins,” “triplets,” and “quadruplets,” see IG II² 1963 n. 2. [8] This demotic implies that the ephebe was in the tribe Erechtheis, to which Euonymon belonged (cf. ll. 46-47), rather than in the tribe Aigeis in which he is listed. It is not clear whether this is a mistake, or whether there was some special reason why this ephebe was allocated to Aigeis. [9] “Alkenstianos”: the normal spelling would be Alkestianos. [10] For the monthly ephebic gymnasiarchs, see IG II² 1990 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 2.3. [11] For the ephebic competition directors (agonothetai), see AIUK 11 (Ashmolean), no. 10 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 2.3. [12] The ephebic Antoneia festival first appears in IG II² 2068 (155/6 AD), as a festival in honour of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-61 AD), whose praenomen was Titus, not Marcus. Perhaps the festival had been converted into a celebration of Marcus Antonius, the triumvir and rival of Augustus Caesar, who received divine honours from the Athenians in 39 BC including an Antoneia Panathenaia festival (see IG II² 1043), which were cancelled in 31 BC after the Battle of Actium. Another possibility is that it refers to another Emperor who included Antonius or Antoninus in their full title, such as Marcus Aurelius (otherwise honoured by the ephebes only with Lucius Verus in the Philadelphia and Epinikeia festivals) or Caracalla (not otherwise honoured by the ephebes). [13] The Epinikeia (“victory festival”, see IG II² 2090) is mentioned with a different competition director in l. 182. Perhaps they were co-directors (not unusual, cf. ll. 177-78). The alternative – that a festival with the same name was held twice – would be without precedent, but perhaps justified by the defeat of the Goths and Marcomanni at Thessalonica (see n. 6). [14] Ago- appears to abbreviate a nomen. Possibilities are Aconius, Agornic(i)us, Agortius, or Agusius; none otherwise attested at Athens (Byrne, RCA, p. 48-9). [15] This ephebe is apparently listed a second time in error at l. 326. [16] This ephebe is apparently listed a second time in error at l. 294. [17] This is the only reference to the “Charioteer of Pallas,” who might be connected with a procession of ephebes which brought a statue of Pallas back to the city from Phaleron in the Hellenistic period (IG II² 1006, ll. 11-12; C. Sourvinou-Inwood, Athenian Myths and Festivals, 2011, 165-67). [18] On the team leaders (systremmatarchai), see n. 2. [19] Wilson reads Kotinis, Byrne, Athenian Onomasticon and IG II² have Kouinis. Neither is an attested name, but the former could be derived from kotinos (“wild olive”), while the latter has no apparent derivation. [20] On the “additional enrollees” (epengraphoi), see IG II² 2017 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 4.1. There are 52 of them in this list, which is much higher than any other third century AD catalogue, but lower than in the second century AD, when they regularly exceeded a hundred individuals. [21] The relief depicts an ephebe standing in a boat, raising an oar. As the inscription makes clear, this is a representation of the ephebic sea-battle (naumachia), on which see AIUK 11 (Ashmolean) no. 10 and AIO Papers 12 sect. 3.5.i.

Added: 14 Jan 2021
Updated: 24 Jul 2025
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